Smoking in public places Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Smoking out in the open spots - Essay Example 5). Forbidding smoking out in the open spots will result to sparing of numerous lives just as money related costs (Cunningham 250). In any case, smokers are a huge wellspring of expense salary to governments, and disallowing smoking in broad daylight spots will without a doubt lessen the pay. Recycled smoke or natural tobacco smoke, which waits noticeable all around hours in the wake of smothering of cigarettes or stoppage of smoking, has unfavorable wellbeing impacts, for example, malignant growth, respiratory contaminations, and Asthma. Dynamic smokers out in the open places unnecessarily open nonsmokers to grave risk. Used smoke contains 4000 sorts of synthetic substances; 43 of these synthetic concoctions are cancer-causing owing to a great many lung malignancy passings, respiratory tract contaminations, and heart maladies among nonsmokers (Rabin 213). The main rationale to limit the swelling number of smoking prompted illnesses among inactive smokers is prohibiting smoking out in the open. Permitting smoking in broad daylight is sound. Most importantly, the wide scale restriction of smoking in broad daylight is biased against smokers whose rights ought to be protected (Rabin 214). Open foundations ought to strengthen the requirements of the open wholeheartedly however not sideline certain people as a result of their own decisions. Prohibiting smoking out in the open spaces, for example, bars endangers the manageability of the spots. It might likewise result to business conclusion since smokers move to spaces where smoking is intemperate, for example, at home. By and by, prohibiting smoking is compensatory as smoke free zones will similarly pull in non-smokers who would prefer not to be presented to recycled smoke. Restricting smoking in broad daylight is useful as it limits the recurrence of smoking just as powers smokers to give up the propensities by and large. Prohibiting smoking out in the open breaks the arrangement or renders it harder for smokers to stay aware of their propensity, for example, leaving the bar to have a cigarette. This constrains smokers to diminish the recurrence of

UNs Declaration of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UNs Declaration of Human Rights - Essay Example In reality, AI yearly report archived extrajudicial executions in 61 nations; legal executions in 28 nations; detainees of still, small voice in at any rate 63 nations; instances of torment and abuse in 125 nations and human vanishings in 30 nations. Notwithstanding, Amnesty International accepts that the genuine figures for every one of these insights are a lot higher. The Amnesty International further educated that despite the fact that legislatures have embraced the talk of human rights by means of the UN’s UDHR, just a couple have conveyed this into a reality. Absolution International considered that there is a lot of that administrations can and ought to do: They can guarantee that laborers are shielded from the most exceedingly awful types of abuse; they can battle exemption which is the toxic substance that permits human rights infringement to spread, to repeat or to reappear; they can quit assaulting human rights activists; they can, and should, satisfy their human rig hts commitments. Looking into its starting points, the UDHR turned into the reason for a few human rights arrangements, remembering two Covenants for Political and Civil Rights just as Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights. This is most likely why global human rights backing bunches have developed during the 1960s (Amnesty International) and 1970s (Human Rights Watch) to investigate the UDHR as the premise of their activism. Conversely, the worldwide network completely disregarded the show against decimation until the mid 1990s. During this time, various examples of annihilation went without a global reaction.

5 Tips for Onboarding New Employees with Ease

5 Tips for Onboarding New Employees with Ease Good employees are hard to come by in todays competitive job market. When you’re fortunate enough to succeed in your search and are ready to welcome new people to your team, you’ll want to make sure their introduction to your company goes as smoothly as possible. A consistent, comprehensive onboarding process is essential for effectively getting new hires up to speed and generating excitement about their new roles. To ensure your onboarding process sets new employees up for success, there are a few important steps to follow. Here, we’ll outline some onboarding best practices you can start implementing right away. 1. Encourage Feedback New employees are often full of great ideas, having come in with fresh eyes and unique experiences. You may not be able to act upon every idea right away, but it’s important to encourage new employees and show them their opinions are valued. Using an idea map to capture new â€" and veteran â€" employees’ ideas can be a great way to organize their input and potentially turn it into actionable tasks. Collecting and documenting feedback from employees also helps to hold yourself accountable for making continuous improvements to your onboarding process. Oracle’s onboarding revamp is a good example of this positive feedback loop in action. When CEO Mark Hurd recognized the faults in his company’s onboarding process, he looked to employees for feedback on their experiences and how they might improve Oracle’s onboarding. By acting on these insights, Oracle managed to boost favorable views of their onboarding process from around 30 percent of employees to 80 percent. 2. Provide Guidance Once employees are ready to start working on their core functions, providing them with step-by-step guides will help ensure that they don’t overlook important steps in their new tasks. Using a task management tool like MeisterTask, you can set up predefined checklists for this purpose. If you want a new marketing employee to begin sending out newsletters on their second day, you might create a checklist with all necessary steps in chronological order. It might look like this: Predefined checklists can help keep results consistent and provide new employees with an easy reference as they get used to their roles. Besides checklists for individual tasks, shared knowledge maps are another simple way to provide guidance to new employees. Knowledge maps are ontologies of your organizational knowledge. They can contain anything from design assets to email templates to information about your company’s mission and goals. These visual maps are easy to navigate and help your new employees to discover the information they’re looking for without having to ask their colleagues for assistance. 3. Follow Along By the end of their first week, new employees are likely ready to showcase their abilities and begin making real contributions. New employees want to feel like they’re making an impact, so providing them with early opportunities to demonstrate their talents can create a sense of meaning in those first few days. That being said, you don’t want to throw them to the wolves without proper monitoring. Tools such as MeisterTask offer managers the ability to “watch” entire projects and thus get notified instantly about any task changes or comments left by their team members. This can provide tangible insight into where new employees excel, as well as help to identify areas where they may need assistance. You want to encourage new hires to go at their own speed and figure out a routine that works best for them, but it’s also important that they learn how to prioritize their new responsibilities. Tools like RescueTime, Harvest or MeisterTask’s internal time tracker allow for automatic or manual tracking of time spent on specific tasks. If you implement this practice, reassure new employees you’re not judging them based on their timestamps, but are instead educating your business on how it can best help them organize their workload. 4. Automate Automating tasks in your onboarding program can create a more streamlined and consistent process. If you’re using MeisterTask, you can create tasks for all the typical steps in your onboarding process, beginning with pre-boarding paperwork. Using an automation, you can, for instance, let MeisterTask notify you via email as soon as the employment contract has been signed. Another automation could be set up to assign a task to your accountant to let them know that the new employee should be added to the payroll.   Automation can also be used to facilitate self-serve access to e-learning activities and lessons, so employees who need flexible scheduling can tailor their onboarding schedules to best suit their availability. 5. Track progress Unlike orientation, onboarding should be an ongoing process. In this phase, it’s important to track the new employee’s progress with milestones, such as their 30th, 60th, and 90th days on the job. Regularly checking in with employees offers chances to review performance, provide feedback, identify any challenges, and let them know you’re invested in their growth. You can use a MindMeister mind map as a visual aid for your progress meetings with the employee. Mind maps are easy to update and offer space for personal comments, notes and more. Research shows that 42% of employees are more productive when they have access to proper onboarding processes. There’s simply no question about the importance of fully optimizing your onboarding program, and we hope these recommendations can help you set up your future employees for success. Visualize and automate your workflow. Get the Meister Bundle Save 30% Get the Meister Bundle

Setting IEP Goals for Reading Comprehension

When a student in your class is the subject of an Individual Education Plan (IEP), you will be called upon to join a team that will write goals for that student. These goals are important, as the students performance will be measured against them for the remainder of the IEP period, and their success can determine the kinds of support the school will provide. Below are guidelines for writing IEP goals that measure reading comprehension.   Writing Positive, Measurable Goals for IEPs For educators, its important to remember that IEP goals should be SMART. That is, they should be Specific, Measurable, use Action words, be Realistic and Time-limited. Goals should also be positive. A common pitfall in todays data-driven educational climate is the creation of goals that lean heavily on quantitative results. For example, a student may have a goal to summarize a passage or story, relating essential components with 70% accuracy. Theres nothing wishy-washy about that figure; it seems like a solid, measurable goal. But whats missing is any sense of where the child stands currently. Does 70% accuracy represent a realistic improvement? By what measure is the 70% to be calculated? SMART Goal Example Heres an example of how to set a SMART goal. Reading comprehension is the goal we are looking to set. Once thats identified, find a tool to measure it. For this example, the Gray Silent Reading Test (GSRT) may suffice. The student should be tested with this tool prior to IEP goal setting so that a reasonable improvement can be written into the plan. The resultant positive goal may read, Given the Gray Silent Reading Test, will score at grade level by March. Strategies to Develop Reading Comprehension Skills To meet the stated IEP goals in reading comprehension, teachers may employ a variety of strategies. Below are some suggestions: Provide engaging and motivating materials to retain the students interest. Be specific by naming the series, resources or books to be used.Highlight and underline key words and ideas.Teach the student about sentence and paragraph construction and how to focus on key points. Again, be very specific so that the goal is measurable.Provide information and clarification about how a text or resource is organized. The child should know the features of a text including the cover, the index, subtitles, bold titles, etc.Provide ample opportunities for the child to discuss written information.Develop summarization skills focusing on the beginning, middle and ending key points.Develop research skills and strategies.Provide opportunities for group learning, especially to respond to written information.Show how pictorial and context clues are used.Encourage the student to ask for clarification if she becomes confused.Provide one-on-one support frequently. Once the IEP is written, it is imperative that the student, to the best of his ability, understands the expectations. Help track their progress, and remember that including students in their IEP goals is a great way to provide a pathway to success.

International Business Management - 3445 Words

International business management refers to the effective management of business transactions that are to be performed across various countries. This is done to satisfy the objectives of people and organizations. Thus a firm should be aware of various issues while entering foreign markets. There are key political, cultural, social, legal and environmental issues that every organization must fully cover to ensure the smooth running of its business in foreign shores. Failure to do so may lead to may obstacles. It is always effective to take a proactive measure while conducting business in foreign markets. Ben Jerrys Homemade, Inc., the Vermont-based manufacturer of ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbet based in Vermont. It was founded in†¦show more content†¦BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT: It is important to understand the business environment in Russia between 1992 and 1997 during which period Ben Jerrys was part of a joint venture called Iceverk in Russia at this period. Since 1991, Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the communist period. • Political Instability: With the collapse of the Soviet Union political uncertainty for potential foreign investors in the newly democratic Russia. The country had to be rebuilt, and it was questionable what laws would be enacted and what laws would be discarded. Thats why, all foreign business operating in Russia were doing so under risk. • Management Problems: As a result of former communist work ideology, skilled managers were in short supply for the Karelia facilities. Managers, as well as subordinates, needed to be trained both in work habits and in Western capitalist philosophy. Consequently, managers had to be flown in from the United States until the Russians could learn the intricacies of free market as well as the production of high-quality ice cream. • Corruption and Mafia: With the fall of the USSR, the Russian Mafia has gained enormous power. The underworld is thought to control some 40 percent of the Russian economy. US businesses pay as much as 30 percent of their monthly profit for Mafia protection. This was aShow MoreRelatedChallenges of International Business Management1037 Words   |  5 PagesCHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT What are the challenges of International Business Management? International business management is a term that is used collectively to describe all commercial transactions which include; †¢ Private †¢ Governmental †¢ Sales †¢ Investments †¢ Transportation The above take place between two or more nations. 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Suicide and the Harm Principle Free Essays

string(136) " her loss deprives them of their relationship to her, along with other interests that she contributed to satisfying in living her life\." The Right to Suicide and Harm Suicide under circumstances of extreme suffering is the morally right action as opposed to the alternative, living in pain. J. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Suicide and the Harm Principle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mill’s Utilitarian ideals provide strong reasoning to support suicide in instances of severe pain, while Kant’s moral theory of the categorical imperative provides reasoning against taking one’s own life. Mill’s principle of utility is the maximization of pleasure and the reduction of pain. Mill regards happiness as the greatest good in life and all actions should be performed as long as they have the tendency to produce pleasure. Mill also introduces the Harm Principle. The Harm Principle is used to determine whether coercion is justifiable based on the impact of individual actions. Stated, the Harm Principle is â€Å"the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant† (On Liberty, I, 9). Mill believe that individuals have the right to autonomy in order to produce pleasure for themselves, but the right to autonomy must be controlled to allow equal exercise of this right by all individuals. To understand the application of Mill’s principles, harm must be defined. Harm is damage to another individual against their will. Mill introduces two types of harm: direct and indirect. Direct harm is when an individual performs an action that directly harms another person, such as murder. Indirect harm is when the individual performs an action that causes damage to others through performing an action on one’s self. (On Liberty, I, 11) The distinction between indirect and direct harm determines whether the individual who performed the action resulting in the harm is morally responsible for the harm inflicted. Mill offers little towards the definition of harm and the distinction between direct and indirect harm. He writes: â€Å"Whenever, in short, there is a definite damage, or a definite risk of damage, either to an individual or to the public, the case is taken out of the province of liberty, and placed in that of morality or law† (On Liberty, IV, 10) Mill states that when individual actions pose a risk of â€Å"definite† damage, the individual is responsible to society for those actions. Therefore, â€Å"definite† harm is direct harm to others and all other harms are either (1) indirect harm to others or (2) direct harm to oneself and undeserving of legal or moral sanctions. However, the word â€Å"definite† is vague, leaving the definitions of indirect and direct harm unclear. To determine responsibility and appropriate sanctions to punish and deter, Mill employs a central idea of his theory: personal autonomy. Personal autonomy is an individual’s ability to pursue â€Å"their own good in their own way†, one of Mill’s four absolute rights (On Liberty, I, 14). Each individual has the absolute right to exercise this autonomy, unless their actions impact the autonomy of another person. In cases where autonomous actions result in direct harm to others, either the government is justified in imposing legal sanctions such as jail time, or society is justified in imposing moral sanctions, such as shaming. Therefore, to determine whether direct harm was committed, one looks at whether one individual caused the abridgment of another individual’s absolute rights. Exegesis In this section, a case will be presented to prompt discussion about the morally validity of suicide. Mill’s reasoning will include a utility calculation and an evaluation of direct and indirect harm. Consider the following case. A young woman named Jane, aged 29, finds out she has the Parkinson’s gene. Jane watched her mother die from the disease and does not want to die the way her mother did. When the symptoms begin to set in and worsen, she decides to commit suicide. She knows that she can live many more years with the disease but she knows that her quality of life will be reduced. Jane believes that her quality of life will be so diminished that death is the only option. Is it right for Jane commit suicide? Mill would invoke the Harm Principle. The act of committing suicide would be a self-regarding act. As the harm is directly imposed on herself, all other consequences of her action are considered indirect as they occur through Jane’s self-regarding act. Hence, Jane should suffer no moral or legal sanctions for committing suicide. Furthermore, she has evaluated her options and upon deep consideration, decided that the pain of living with her condition outweighs the pleasure of living with her condition. A utility calculation can be formalized to further justify her decision on utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism) For Jane: 1. Tendency to cause pleasure: 100 units 2. Tendency to cause pain: 50 units For the aggregate of the other people affected: 3. Tendency to cause pleasure: 10 units 4. Tendency to cause pain: 20 units Hence: Pleasure: 110 units, Pain: 70 units. Perform the action. For Jane, dying would be the ultimate pleasure as it is the end of her suffering. She views suici de as the mean to her ultimate end: happiness. For Jane, the pain of dying is less than the pain of living. After seeing her mother die from Parkinson’s disease, she makes the valid decision to not die the same way. She recognizes that death is the end of her life and the pain of leaving her family and friends does impact on this decision. Yet, when compared to the suffering she will endure as her Parkinson’s progresses, the pleasure derived from these relationships is not enough to compel her to live. For the aggregate of the community, pleasure derived from Jane performing the action of suicide would be the comfort in knowing that (a) her wishes were respected and (b) her suffering is relieved. However, the pain of Jane’s suicide outweighs the pleasure as the interests of the aggregate are compromised by her death. Upon her death, they mourn her loss and her loss deprives them of their relationship to her, along with other interests that she contributed to satisfying in living her life. You read "Suicide and the Harm Principle" in category "Essay examples" Compared to the value of Jane’s pleasure and pain, the value of the aggregate of all other affected persons is less. Jane is directly impacted by her action, while all the others are indirectly impacted. Mill gives more consideration to direct actions as they are in the sphere of personal responsibility. Harm suffered outside of Jane’s sphere of action, or indirect actions, are of lesser value to Jane as she has no moral responsibility for indirect harm. Furthermore, the indirect harm does not violate anyone’s liberty rights and is therefore of lesser value than the direct harm. Therefore, Jane is justified in placing a lower value on the aggregate pain and pleasure of the community compared to her personal pain and pleasure. Hence, the tendency to cause pleasure outweighs the tendency to cause pain and the action should be performed. When one decides to commit suicide, Mill would argue that the only person directly affected is the individual. However, Mill writes: â€Å"No person is an entirely isolated being†, showing how an individual’s actions are never completely self-regarding (On Liberty). There will always be affected parties by your actions. While the family and friends of the individual will mourn the death, they are mourning the loss of a life. The loss of life affects the family and friends by harming the interests that they had in the success of the individual as a human life. For example, if the Jane was a mother, her family has a strong interest in maintaining their family structure and growing up with a present mother. While the harm is indirect, it is significant and â€Å"definite† as the family will be affected for the rest of their lives. With her death, their interests are compromised. The principal interest of all rational humans is happiness and interests serve the purpose of maximizing pleasure and reducing pain (Utilitarianism, II, 2). Pleasure is derived from living a good life and interests are what the individual desires to attain happiness. The pursuit of happiness is done through satisfying the individual interests of a person, hence to deny an individual of these interests would be to deny them of their happiness. The definitions of direct and indirect harm appear unsatisfactory in determining the morality of an action; however, by evaluating the importance of personal autonomy, a more satisfying conclusion is reached. If interests are the means to the ultimate end of happiness, then the individual who wants to commit suicide is a mean to the ultimate end of her family and friends’ happiness. If the individual satisfies her own happiness by committing suicide, she is performing an action to achieve her ends. Mill writes that the only justification needed for determining the desirability of an action is whether it is desired. Utilitarianism, IV, 3) As the individual desires to die, it is sufficient evidence that the action will provide happiness to the individual. Whether this action affects the interests of others is of minimal concern, as rational beings are not intended to serve as means to another’s happiness. Hence, suicide is justified as long as the individual achieves the ultimate end of happiness despite harming the interests of others. The Objection In this section, an objection from the perspective of Kant will be presented using the four formulations of his categorical imperative. Immanuel Kant would provide a compelling objection to Mill’s justification of suicide. Kant offers four formulations of the categorical imperative, proving suicide as an immoral act by the definition that moral actions meet the formulations of the categorical imperative. First, the Formula of Universal Law, states: â€Å" I ought never to conduct myself except so that I could also will that my maxim become a universal law†(Groundwork, Ak4:401) . The maxim that Jane is acting upon is killing one’s self to relieve suffering. To will this to become a universal law would be to will that all human suffering can solved through suicide. However, this is a self-defeating maxim as one can not enjoy relief from suffering if one ceases to exist. Second, the Formula of Nature states: â€Å"Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature† (Groundwork, Ak4:421). By this formulation of the categorical imperative, the justification for committing suicide would be that she believes that suicide should be a universal law of nature. To say that suicide should be a universal law of nature is again, as mentioned in the above formulation, self-defeating. Also, Jane, as a rational agent, would not will suicide to be a universal law of nature; hence, Kant would conclude that she is not justified in committing suicide. Third, the Formula of Humanity states: â€Å"†¦ any rational being exists as an end in itself, not merely as a means to the discretionary use of this or that will, but in all its actions, those directed toward itself as well as those directed toward other rational beings, it must at the same time be considered as an end† (Groundwork, Ak:4:428). Simply put, this formulation of the categorical imperative states that all rational beings are considered ends, rather then just means to another’s ends. Each individual is an end within themselves and all rational being must regard other rational beings as ends rather than means. In Jane’s decision to commit suicide, Kant would say that she is treating her own life as mere means to achieve her end. Kant explicitly writes: â€Å"the one who has suicide in mind will ask himself whether his action could subsist together with the idea of humanity as an end in itself† (Groundwork, Ak4:429). Kant believes that all rational humans are not mere means to ends, but ends within themselves. If one commits suicide, one acts in a way that regards their humanity as a mere means to their happiness, as they believe that happiness is achieved following their death. Kant would argue that suicide degrades humanity on the whole, treating life as a means to the ultimate end, rather than an end in itself (Groundwork, Ak4:42964). Fourth, the Formula of Autonomy states: â€Å"Not to choose otherwise than so that the maxims of one’s choice are at the same time comprehended with it in the same volition as universal law† (Groundwork, Ak4:441). This formulation of the categorical imperative says that by free will, rational agents dictate laws and by the same free will, rational agents subject themselves to the laws they dictate. Through this formulation, Kant demonstrates the absolute value of reason in rational beings. Through reason, rational beings create the laws through which they live moral lives. Suicide, even in the case of suffering, would not be a law that a rational agent would universally impose upon society for if it were imposed on society, humanity would be degraded. Kant would also argue that Jane has the perfect duty to preserve her life that this maxim would violate. Her duty relies on the respect for humanity and human life as ends, rather than means. Her violation of the duty through suicide shows a lack of respect for human reason as she is readily able to dispose of her own. Hence, Kant would conclude that the maxim of suicide to relieve suffering is not a valid maxim as it fails to satisfy this formula. Therefore, Kant would argue that suicide to relieve suffering does not satisfy the categorical imperative and is morally wrong. The Rejoinder In this section, Mill’s response to Kant’s objection is presented. By recalling the concept of autonomy, Mill refutes Kant’s objection to suicide. In response to Kant’s claims that suicide violates the four formulations, Mill would argue that based on the supreme principle of personal autonomy, Kant’s claims are false. While the maxim of killing one’s self to relieve suffering is not one that can be universally applied, the magnitude of suffering is important in considering Jane’s decision. It is far too broad to say that lack of respect for one individual’s life will lead to the erosion of respect for all human life (Edwards). Situations of suicide must be evaluated on an individual basis, not on the premise of respect for the entire human race. Realistically, it is unlikely that Jane’s suicide will lead to justification of suicide. Occurring every 13. 7 minutes in the US, suicide is a major cause of death but society still functions with relative stability and order (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention). Isolated cases do not determine the general state of the world. By failing to consider the consequences of actions for individuals Kant’s reasoning falls short by only drawing large-scale conclusions of the impact of motivations on humanity as a whole. The claim that Jane is treating her humanity as mere means to her end is false. Jane has lived her life as she has desired, deriving pleasure throughout the journey. As she nears the end, her pleasure begins to diminish and is overcome by the pain of her disease. Wanting to die before experiencing overwhelming pain is not a disregard for her life, instead, it is the preservation of the memory of a good life well lived. By wanting to die before her disease debilitates her, she maximizes the pleasures of life by avoiding pain. Furthermore, suicide does not represent a disregard for human rationality. Jane’s suicide is a triumph of human rationality. Because of reason, she is able to justify her decision to commit suicide by using the observation of her mother’s death as well as the medical facts that allow her to (1) know that she possess the gene that will give her the disease and (2) recognize the symptoms of Parkinson’s while determining how far the disease can progress without compromising her happiness. Analysis This section will offer an analysis of the arguments of both Kant and Mill in their ability to determine the morality of suicide. While it is important to recognize that Kant’s categorical imperative provides good reasoning promoting the preservation of life, the argument falls short in understanding the degree of personal suffering and the toll this suffering takes on an individual. The categorical imperative focuses on motives behind actions, but with an action such as suicide, where the end result is death, motives matter less than consequences. However, if the maxim under which Jane operates was stated as â€Å"Act in a way that promotes happiness and reduces pain†, both Kant and Mill may be satisfied. By this maxim, all the formulas stated above are valid and Mill’s principle of utility is satisfied. Autonomy lies at the heart of this dilemma and Mill’s response to Kant’s objections succeed in demonstrating that. Jane has valid reasons to commit suicide and because she is a rational agent, her reason must be respected. The utility calculation, as well as the concepts of direct and indirect harm, serve as valuable tools in drawing the conclusion that suicide is the morally correct action given Jane’s state of affairs. Works Cited Kant. â€Å"Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals . † (1785). Mill, J. S. â€Å"On Liberty. † (1859). Mill, J. S. â€Å"Utilitarianism. † (1861). Prevention, American Foundation for Suicide. Facts and Figures. 2012. 2012 http://www. afsp. org/index. cfm? page_id=04ea1254-bd31-1fa3-c549d77e6ca6aa37. How to cite Suicide and the Harm Principle, Essay examples

The Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians free essay sample

The Choctaw Indians of Alabama are a band of Indians that managed to remain behind in the outer regions of north Mobile and south Washington counties after their tribal lands were given up to the United States in 1830. Beginning in 1830, the most significant period of their removal from their homelands, the majority of the Choctaw tribe was forced along the Trail of Tears settling on reservation lands in Mississippi and Oklahoma. A small group of about 45 families avoided removal by settling and hiding out in the woods surrounding the small communities of Citronelle, Mt. Vernon, and McIntosh. â€Å"There were four major families: the Reed, Weaver, Byrd, and Rivers families. The next largest are the Snow, Johnston, Taylor, Orso, Chestang, and Fields families. Other family names that appear often within the group are Evans, Davis, Cole, Frazier, Smith, Lofton, Hopkins, and Sullivan† (Matte, Greenbaum and Brown, Origins of the MOWA Band of Choctaws). We will write a custom essay sample on The Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over time, other Indians in the area that were without tribal communities of their own joined the Choctaw Indians of Alabama. Today, the Choctaw Indians of Alabama are known as the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians. This tribe took on the name of MOWA in the 1970’s when they began to seek government recognition to identify the Indians in Mobile and Washington Counties who are descended from several Indian Tribes: Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, Mescalero, and Apache. Over time the tribal members have intermarried or partnered with nearly 30 different tribes nationally. The name MOWA is an acronym which combines the first syllables of Mobile and Washington counties; the two counties where the tribal reservation straddles both counties. The name â€Å"MOWA† does have a distinctive ring to it; but the name does not have deep roots in Indian linguistics. It was taken on because it was similar to tribal names adopted by other groups who have sought federal recognition. It was also adopted to distinguish them from the Mississippi Band of Choctaws. The MOWAs was the first tribe in Alabama to become incorporated and state recognized. Very little is known of the MOWA Choctaw Indians between the 1830’s and 1890’s because they kept very few written records. Most of their history was passed down by mouth from generation to generation. Their efforts to avoid removal, persecution, and to retain their way of life by hiding in the swamps and piney woods of Mobile and Washington counties; an area that contained enough game to provide their food supply and a good water source that was used for farming was unsuccessful after the white man more than likely used deceptive schemes and underhanded tactics to take ownership of the land that the Choctaws inhabited. The MOWAs lived in poverty and isolation until the 1940’s, struggling to remain alive. Outside of their community there was very little work they were allowed to do. The MOWAs were uneducated so they had to perform work that could be done using their hands. The men hunted and sold game and deerskins and prided themselves on being great negotiators. During the Great Depression in the 1920’s, logging became the primary occupation for many Indians. They begin to log and cut ties for railroads but their major occupation became cutting pulpwood. The women often sold firewood and some of their local wares such as baskets; but the primary responsibility of the women was the farming. An inter-communal system of farming was established where each family raised crops that was typical of the area such as squash, beans, and corn. These crops was raised on communal land and shared among all of the families in the tribe. Many of the women still employ the â€Å"three sisters† method of gardening with beans, squash, and maize. The Choctaw are a traditionally matrilineal society, which means they trace their kinship through females rather than males, some still take their mother’s last name. White and black children attended local but separate public schools. The local whites did not want their children attending school with the Indians so they attended a separate mission schools which were not accredited. After completing the 8th grade, the Indian students had to be sent hundreds of miles away from home to attend boarding schools that were run by various missions and the federal government in order to receive an accredited high chool diploma. Tribal members have attended federal and mission Indian boarding schools such as (Haskell Institute (Lawrence, KS), Bacone Indian College (Muskogee, Oklahoma), and Acadia Baptist (Eunice, Louisiana) for five generations† (J. A. Matte, They Say the Wind is Red The Alabama Choctaw-Lost In Their Own Land). Some of the first college graduates selected teaching as a career and returned in the late 1950’s to help educate more of their own people. The MOWAs have maintained a continuously functioning tribal school for over 175 years. The school bell was used as a means of communicating major events within the community; through a code of rings, the community was made aware of births, deaths, and emergencies† (Ray). The old school bell has been placed in the cemetery of Reed Chapel Church near the Reed Chapel Indian School which is a part of the Washington County Public School System in McIntosh, AL. The first public Indian school in Mobile County was built in 1835 and named the Weaver School but was later renamed Calcedeaver. â€Å"Calcedeaver comes from the names of three consolidated schools. When the Mobile County Public School System took over the operation of the missionary schools of Calvert, Cedar Creek and Weaver, they combined them and tool the Cal from Calvert, Ced from Cedar Creek and eaver from Weaver to form one elementary school, Calcedeaver (McKnight). † Today, Calcedeaver Elementary School sits on the edge of the MOWA reservation in Mt. Vernon, AL and features a Choctaw language and culture program funded through Title VII Indian Education Program. Nicole Williams, a native MOWA, serves as the Native American Interpreter and oversees the program. In an interview with Mrs. Williams, she said â€Å"the grant is meant to keep Native American cultures alive. And it is her job, as she sees it, to instill in our children the cultural aspects of their heritage coinciding with academics, so that their education is academic-based with culture intertwined in it (Williams). † The children not only learn the basics of the Choctaw language, but they also learn traditional circle dances and compete in pow-wows, and the school has a Choctaw culture exhibit with twelve traditional Indian houses. Choctaw songs are sung, greetings in the language are recited over the PA system and elaborate Choctaw regalia are constructed for the dance teams. The tribe has improved its quality of education with Calcedeaver’s language and culture program connecting them to their heritage and keeping the language alive for future generations. Some of the old traditions are still alive and well in everyday life. Many of the women in the community still craft traditional handmade dresses and shirts. Choctaw heritage centers on keeping the many rich traditions of Choctaw culture alive. The most important of these traditions to the MOWAs is the continued use of their native tongue. The Choctaw language has been preserved over the centuries, and today is a central part of their heritage. Modern Choctaw women continue to make clothing, baskets, and cook food that has been part of their Choctaw heritage for centuries. The MOWAs still wear traditional dresses and shirts for ceremonial occasions, creating another tie between themselves and their ancestors. For centuries, Choctaw baskets have been made out of swamp cane and today many MOWA women still practice these techniques and teach them to the younger generations. Hominy and banaha, a mixture of peas and cornmeal, are two of the many traditional Choctaw foods still cooked and eaten by the present day MOWAs from recipes that have traditionally been passed down from mother to daughter. Another tie to Choctaw heritage is the traditional dances performed to chants that are usually part of various social events in the MOWA communities. MOWAs continue to play the traditional game of stick ball. The game of stick ball, an often deadly sport was used to settle disputes between tribes. The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians holds true to many of the traditional Choctaw values. One of the core Choctaw Indian values is their generosity. Respect and care of the elderly and deceased have also been a primary Choctaw Indian value for centuries. Elderly members are cared for by their children and viewed as wise, esteemed members of the tribe. The extensive funeral rituals in the Choctaw culture also point to the tribe’s respect for the deceased. Weeks of mourning and the recitations of all the good deeds committed by the deceased in the traditional funeral cry are just two of the ways that they show their reverence for their dead. Almost all of the Choctaw Indian values can be attributed to the pride they have for their Choctaw identity and the loyalty they show to one another. Through difficult times, racism the discrimination, the wrath of the deep south’s Jim Crowism upon the Indians, and other setbacks, the MOWAs have aggressively defended their cultural heritage and is described by Mr. Bud Shepard, one of the authors of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (B. I. A. ), who visited the tribe for a pre-study of the group, stated that he has never seen â€Å"a more closely knit group of Indians, a people who have stayed together and preserved their history and culture while enduring great hardship† (Testimony of Bud Shepard). One of the most important things about culture is kinship and that’s the most important thing to the MOWA. They have a long history of a few families that have lived together, worked together, know each other. June 1979, the MOWA received recognition as an Indian tribe by the state of Alabama but federal recognition to this day remains beyond their reach because of the stringent guidelines set out by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. To celebrate achieving this milestone, the MOWAs revived another traditional custom, the pow-wow. Each year, they host an inter-tribal pow-wow occurs on the second weekend of October on the Tribal reservation lands. This event includes an annual cultural festival which includes chanting, traditional social dancing, stickball games, and a Choctaw princess contest. The pow-wow is a time of celebration, a time for dancing, eating, seeing old friends and making new ones, and learning Indian traditions. Former Chief Framon Weaver describes the event as â€Å"a homecoming for the MOWA Indians that have moved and settled in other parts of the world and it provides a chance to invite the general public to come out and share our culture and traditions† (G. Ray). The last five hundred years of exploitation and discrimination, up to and including their ongoing struggle for federal recognition, have left a deep impact on the MOWA. The tribe remains determined, confident, and ultimately proud of their identity. MOWA pride is evident in the passionate testimony given by the late Leon Taylor, a revered elder o the tribe, to Congress in 1985, â€Å"today, I am Choctaw. My mother was Choctaw. My grandfather was Choctaw. Tomorrow, I will still be Choctaw† (Burgess). The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians firmly believe federal recognition is not the cornerstone of Indian identity but rather it is the culture, language, tribal lands, physicality, historical governmental relationships, Indian schools and related social factors that determines who they are. Today, there are approximately 6000 members of the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians with over 3,500 living on the reservation or 10 of the small communities surrounding it. The MOWA Choctaws have reclaimed over 300 acres of reservation land which includes the old sacred â€Å"Indian† stomping ground and is the site of a rapidly growing center. The late nationally known Indian author and leader Vine Deloria Jr. described the MOWA Choctaws as â€Å"without question a continuous and identifiable Indian community deserving of federal recognition. The MOWA people have continued to endure and progress even in the face of adversity and rejection. We have a federal Indian housing program, tribal court, tribal police force, Indian health clinic, athletic center, tribal government complex, two production factories, athletic fields, cultural museum, outstanding local schools, reservation lands, a flourishing language program and a rich cultural legacy of our people well intact† (Finch). The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians has fought a long and hard battle to regain their identity. Their leaders have been credited with strong leadership and dedication and commitment has made the fight a worthwhile effort. The MOWAs are proud of their heritage as Native Americans.

Two Worlds essays

Two Worlds essays In a bedroom at a small cabin in Lexington, Michigan is where youll find two worlds within each other. When I walked into the room the smell of Cedar and fresh cut grass flowed through the air. I wandered through the room and with each step I took, the marbled emerald green, beige and Oak carpet flattened beneath my feet. Orange sunlight cascaded through the blue curtained windows from the violet sky, as if it was raining. Only the jubilant sound of the birds singing and the whispers of the wind gliding through the Maple trees encompassed the room through the two screened windows.. Then swiftly, the large sound of the crackle and whistling of a Bon fire being started lightly intruded the room. Soon the aroma of Hickory and delicious ribs being simmered across the roaring flames slowly became dominant. The pearl walls were painted with a log imprinted wallpaper which gives the entire room a very comforting and relaxing feeling. To my left in the far corner of the room, was a Walnut bunk bed packed with so many white and green striped pillows and blankets, when you settle on it, it can only be compared to a hand of feathers grasping your body. To my closest left, a single large bed with a bedframe made of Mahogany sat across from the bunk bed, with striped little pillows and only a single blanket. Despite the bed having the same colors, it was very firm and uneasy. Behind the bunk bed was a white raft striped with yellow and red and was used to relax on the refreshing waters of Lake Huron on a blistering summer day. The only other furniture in the room was a broad Walnut dresser and a green and white striped lamp, with a carved Oak base which sat atop of the dresser. A Oak framed mirror hung on the wall just behind the lamp and was stained and gave the impression that it had survived many years. After the orange sunlight faded from the room and the firelight died from the outside, nightfall encroached, and shadows crawled ...

Visas H-1B para profesionales y modelos para USA

Visas H-1B para profesionales y modelos para USA Las visas H-1B permiten a profesionales y modelos trabajar en Estados Unidos. Son visados de doble intencià ³n, es decir, para obtenerlo no es necesario probar la intencià ³n de regresar al paà ­s de origen lo que permite ms fcilmente buscar un cambio hacia una tarjeta de residencia (green card) Quià ©nes pueden solicitar la visa H-1B Este tipo de visa beneficia a tres tipos de actividades laborales   Por un lado, los modelos que tengan una trayectoria profesional de reconocido prestigio. Su visa ser una H-1B3.Adems, pueden aplicar los profesionales como arquitectos, mà ©dicos, maestros etc. En otras palabras, cualquier persona con conocimientos especializados y estudios de tà ­tulo universitario o superiores debidamente validados. Si son aprobados, recibirn una H-1B. Dependiendo de los estados, debern obtener una licencia profesional en su actividad para poder trabajar.Por à ºltimo, las personas con un tà ­tulo universitario equivalente al Bachelor ´s Degree pueden obtener una H-1B2 para desarrollar e investigar proyectos coordinados por el Departamento de Defensa. Patrocinio para una visa H-1B El proceso se inicia cuando una empresa est dispuesta a contratar a un extranjero. Entre la documentacià ³n que debe aportar destaca la Aplicacià ³n de Condicià ³n Laboral (LCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). La finalidad es evitar que extranjeros desempeà ±en trabajos para los que hay estadounidenses o residentes permanentes disponibles. Se aplica ante el Departamento del Trabajo. Para obtener la LCA, el empleador debe comunicar a los representantes de los trabajadores la intencià ³n de contratar a un extranjero. Si no hubiera representante sindical, debe anunciarlo dentro de la empresa. Las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as con ms de 50 trabajadores de los que un 15 por ciento tiene una H-1B deber publicar la existencia de la vacante. Para asegurarse de que la contratacià ³n de un extranjero no es ms barata que la de un ciudadano, la empresa debe garantizar al extranjero un salario y beneficios iguales al que ya paga a empleados similares. La à ºnica excepcià ³n a la certificacià ³n laboral es para la H-1B2. Una vez conseguida la LCA, tiene que enviarse junto con un formulario I-129 al USCIS. Si se aprueba, si la persona que va a recibir la visa se encuentra en el extranjero debe solicitar que se le emita a la Embajada correspondiente. Si se encuentra ya en EU puede comenzar a trabajar, pero la primera vez que salga del paà ­s deber ir a la Embajada estadounidense para tener la visa estampada en su pasaporte. Esto muy importante para poder volver entrar a Estados Unidos. Là ­mite de visas H-1B que se aprueban anualmente Cada aà ±o fiscal, que en Estados Unidos comienza el 1 de octubre de cada aà ±o natural, se conceden hasta un mximo de 65,000 H-1B. Una vez que se emite ese nà ºmero, no se concedern ms hasta el siguiente aà ±o fiscal. No estn limitados por ese cupo anual: 1. Los extranjeros que hayan estudiado una maestrà ­a o un doctorado en una universidad estadounidense. Para ellos hay un cupo adicional por aà ±o fiscal de 20,000 visas anuales. 2. Los profesionales cuyos empleadores sean centros de investigacià ³n sin fin de lucro o universidades.   Para los ciudadanos de ciertos paà ­ses se reserva un nà ºmero de H-1B, como el caso de Chile con 1,400 visas. Cundo aplicar Esta informacià ³n sà ³lo es para los casos de visas sujetas a là ­mites anuales. Por lo tanto no aplica a los contratados por instituciones de educacià ³n o investigacià ³n.   El resto de los solicitantes deben saber que cada cupo anual de visas comienza a emitirse a partir del uno de octubre de cada aà ±o, la solicitud puede ser presentada hasta seis meses antes: el 1 de abril. En los à ºltimos aà ±os,   el nà ºmero de aplicaciones es tan alto que se excede el là ­mite los primeros dà ­as de abril. Cuando asà ­ sucede, se realiza una loterà ­a para ver quà © solicitudes son tramitadas. Quà © empresas pueden patrocinar una visa H-1B Cualquiera que cumpla los requisitos, desde las ms grades a las ms chicas. Y aunque es cierto que la mayorà ­a de esas visas se van al sector tecnolà ³gico, nada impide que se utilicen en otros campos. Por ejemplo, es muy frecuente que tambià ©n se dà © en Educacià ³n y en Sanidad. Para mejor hacerse una idea es recomendable consultar cules son las 100 empresas que ms H-1B patrocinan, para quà © sectores y cul es el salario medio que ofrecen a los patrocinados.   Demora de los trmites para la visa En este artà ­culo se puede aprender a calcular las demoras para todo tipo de trmites migratorios. En el caso de la H-1B, para conocer los tiempos del PERM (DoL por sus siglas en inglà ©s), USICS y, finalmente, consulado. En la actualidad  no se puede solicitar aplicacià ³n exprà ©s de la visa H-1B  por decisià ³n del gobierno del presidente Donald Trump. Vigencia de la visa H-1B La H-1B se otorga por tres aà ±os que se pueden prorrogar hasta un total de seis y para los titulares de una H1-B2 hasta diez. Pero existen excepciones que permiten mantener la visa por ms tiempo: 1. Hasta tres extensiones de un aà ±o o una por tres aà ±os cuando el titular de la visa ha solicitado un cambio de estatus y ha presentado el formulario I-140 antes de cumplir su quinto aà ±o y est pendiente de una respuesta. 2. Una extensià ³n por tres aà ±os si el ajuste de estatus ha sido concedido pero se debe esperar a que haya cupo disponible. La disponibilidad puede tardar varios aà ±os y depende del paà ­s de origen del solicitante y de la categorà ­a por la que pide el cambio de estatus. Coste de la visa H-1B Varà ­a entre $1,000 y $5,000, dependiendo del tipo de empresa que solicita la visa, si se utiliza abogado. Generalmente paga la empresa pero se conocen casos en los que paga el trabajador. Estas son las tarifas promedio de que cobran los abogados de inmigracià ³n. Vida en EU con una H-1B Para conservar la H-1B el titular debe trabajar sà ³lo para el empresario que ha patrocinado su visa. Se pagan impuestos. El rà ©gimen fiscal puede ser complejo ya que se puede tener un estatus fiscal de extranjero residente o de extranjero no residente por lo que es frecuente recurrir a un fiscalista experto. En todas las nà ³minas se deducen cantidades para Medicare y Seguridad Social. Si el extranjero trabaja ms de diez aà ±os en EU tendr derecho a beneficiarse de esos pagos realizados a la Seguridad Social. Si trabaja menos, dependiendo si su paà ­s tiene o no un tratado bilateral con USA, podr contabilizar los aà ±os cotizados aquà ­. El cà ³nyuge y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os pueden vivir en USA con una visa H-4. Si los nià ±os estn estudiando la primaria o la secundaria es recomendable familiarizarse antes de llegar a Estados Unidos con las particularidades del sistema educativo, para asà ­ tomar la mejor decisià ³n sobre quà © tipo de escuela elegir para los muchachos. Como regla general los esposos con H-4 no pueden trabajar, con dos excepciones que aplican desde mayor de 2015. Por à ºltimo, se deber comunicar al USCIS el cambio de domicilio en los diez dà ­as siguientes a producirse. Cambio de estatus, transfer, dimisià ³n, despido y caducidad Puede solicitarse un cambio de estatus para obtener una tarjeta de residencia permanente. Tambià ©n puede cambiar su visa a otra diferente, como por ejemplo, a una visa de estudiante. Tambià ©n se  puede pedir un transfer a otra empresa, que tiene que ser aprobado. Si el trabajador dimite, su visa pierde vigencia y debe salir del paà ­s. Si es despedido, la empresa debe pagar por los gastos de repatriacià ³n. La salida debe ser inmediata.   A veces no es posible, pero para no arriesgarse a quedarse como indocumentado se recomienda solicitar una visa de visitante y asà ­ se cuenta con hasta un mximo de 120 dà ­as, mientras la nueva visa se tramita, para prepararse para regresar al paà ­s de origen sin perder el estatus de legal. Para mayor informacià ³n consultar este artà ­culo para saber cundo es posible ingresar a Estados Unidos con una visa de esta categorà ­a y cul es el periodo de gracia, una vez que finaliza el empleo. Creacià ³n de una empresa y la H-1B En principio es posible fundar una empresa en USA y que la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a patrocine con una H-1B a su propietario. Sin embargo, debido a las condiciones de la visa, entre otras, el salario alto que se debe de pagar a los patrocinados, es una opcià ³n complicada y en la que siempre conviene contar con el asesoramiento de un buen abogado de inmigracià ³n. De hecho, estas son otras 8  opciones para obtener una visa y fundar una empresa en EEUU. Alternativa a la H-1B para profesionales mexicanos Mexicanos y canadienses pueden aplicar por la visa TN. Estas son las ms de 60 profesiones que permiten calificar. Te puede interesar Estas son las 30  profesiones que tendrn un mayor crecimiento en la demanda de empleo hasta el aà ±o 2022,  Ã‚  segà ºn el Departamento de Trabajo y tambià ©n un comparativo  salarial de 18 profesiones en 8 paà ­ses. Y es que no para todas las profesiones es Estados Unidos el mejor paà ­s para trabajar. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Use of Technology in Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Use of Technology in Finance - Essay Example Stricter more stringent rules required firms to change their reporting processes, enabling more transparency. The resultant strict rules enacted necessitated firms to adopt modern accounting practices that could only be employed through innovative technology interfaces. The integration of automated or technological applications although costly in terms of resources and time has proven to be an effective control measure for the authorities while simultaneously assisting corporate leaders manage their internal systems. Other benefits of using technology in finance have been the development of enhanced marketing, communication, research and transaction technologies by organizations. Technology has been described as the application of individual, logical or material approach to resolve an impasse that leads to enhanced efficiency. It has been credited with improvement of business operations in firms including: administration, communications (from postal letters to email, mobile phones, telecast etc.), trading (online trading or ecommerce), automated production line technology, and research facilities among others.The need for embracing advanced technology by corporations was highlighted by the tighter regulations enacted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in conformity with compliance rules relating to requirements regarding evaluation of internal control over financial reporting and management certification requirements mandatory to amendments under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that were adopted on June 5, 2003, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Companies needed advanced technology to detect undesired movement in inconsisten cies, automated reporting, upholding customer assets, violations etc., hence avert bad practices while enhancing the companies efficiency (WS&TStaff, 2005). Corporate governance encompasses the compliance to rules or procedures, traditions, edicts,

Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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A Study on the Legal Trade Cases between Canada and Africa

A Study on the Legal Trade Cases between Canada and Africa Khushal Mewada Vishnu Sabu Priyank Patel Jayesh Patel INTRODUCTION The term legal is used to define the thing related with law. Develop and maintain security policies, procedures and practices which comply with relevant elements of criminal, civil, administrative and regulatory law to minimize adverse legal consequences. Law can be three type that is Public International Law, Private International Law, Foreign Law. Public international law is the system of rules and principles governing the relationships between states and international organizations as well some of their persons and Private international law governs relationships between persons and organizations engaged in international transactions and their legal cases whereas Foreign law is a law enacted by a foreign country. We need to know all these cases before doing transaction overseas because all can affect the trade. This report study is on three legal court cases related with trade between Canada and Africa. These cases include information about the conflicts between companies of both countries and their court case as well as the result of case by court with acts. LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANADA AND AFRICA Canada established its diplomatic relations with South Africa in 1939, due to the outbreak of World War II. Africa and Canada had few contacts before the twentieth century. Canada and Africa were both part of a global trading system, linked by European trading companies such as the Hudsons Bay Company and the Royal African Company. Canada and African were raw-material exporting areas, they mostly traded with manufacturers in Europe, and not with each other. Canada is a significant investor in Africa. Trade between the two countries totaled $1.8 billion in 2008. Canadian investments largely focus on the mineral and mining sector, as well as transportation, food processing, hospitality, information and communication technologies. A Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in mining and mineral development was signed between Canada and South Africa in March 2015. A Double Taxation Agreement has been signed to facilitate trade and investment, between Canada and South Africa. Top Canadian exports to Africa include lentils and wheat, power generation machinery, electrical machinery, sulfur, optical equipment, pharmaceuticals, and pork. Africas exports to Canada include citrus, beverages (wine), nuclear machinery parts and minerals such as iron, titanium, chromium and copper. CASE:1 WHITE SOUTH AFRICAN,S VS CANADIAN GOVERNMENT TITLE: White South Africans battle for refugee status in Canada ended by appeals court. In this case, a white South African asked for refugee protection in Canada due to the fear of his Countrys major black, and his case was recalled and the case was rejected, moreover made necessary arrangement for returning to his country, where his cases started as an angry upset and reaction against Canada. For analysing the case we are following the IRAC method which directly goes deeply to the case between Canada and Africa. Issue In 2009, an international protest welcomed Canadas Immigration and Refugee Board and decided Brandon Huntley, a white citizen of South Africa, had an all around established dread of mistreatment on the bases of his race and the South Africa government had lack of interest or failure or unwillingness to shield white South Africans from oppression by African South Africans. In this case, a white South African asked for refugee protection in Canada due to the fear of his countrys major black people, but his case was recalled and his case got rejected. The South Africas government called the decision as a perverse by Ottawa and racist. The African Social Medias, newspapers who severely criticized the claim made by Mr. Huntley and protest against IRBs decision. The IRB Canada take another look into the case and in 2010 Mr. Huntleys then-lawyer accused Ottawa of interfering to mend international relations. The supreme court of Canada refuse to hear the case in 2012. Rule The African National Congress, the party that liberated South Africa from apartheid under Nelson Mandelas leadership in 1994, said the refugee decision was racist and alarmist. Canadas reasoning for granting Huntley a refugee status can only serve to perpetuate racism, the ANC said Tuesday. Stephane Malepart, a spokesman for the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, said the board cannot release the Huntley decision or make any comment on the ruling since all of its cases are heard in private and its tribunals operate at arms length from the government. But he said the federal government could seek judicial review of any decision by appealing it to the Federal Court of Canada. Analysis His case, however, drew intense publicity. It was reported in newspapers around the world, especially in South Africa. His picture, he said, was featured in newspaper ads on buses in his hometown. Online, he was threatened, he said. If he was not a person in need of protection before, he was now, he claimed in court, a distinction referred to as being a refugee sur place. The IRB acknowledged that South Africa was a young democracy with ongoing problems, the court summarized, but remained a functioning democracy with independent judicial institutions. In judging the IRBs second decision, Federal Court Judge Catherine M. Kane said the reasons given by the IRB were adequate and the decision was a reasonable one to arrive at. Conclusion This case adversely affect the relationship between Canada and Africa. There are some legal barriers for refugees from Africa to Canada. The discussion above details a range of problems with the asylum application process that adversely affects the human rights of refugees from various parts of the world. These issues calls into the question of ability DHA to administer an asylum system in accordance with its Constitutional obligation to ensure just administrative action. The problems also make a mockery of the rights guaranteed in both international and domestic refugee law, casting doubt on the Departments commitment to these legal guarantees. CASE:2 CANADA VS AFRICA,US Subject : Subsidies and other Domestic Support for Corn and other Agricultural Products Complainant: Canada Respondent: US Third Party : Argentina; Australia; Chile; European Union; India; Japan; Mexico; New Zealand; Nicaragua; South Africa; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; Turkey; Uruguay The Canada complained and requested the consultations with the United States regarding three different types of measures on 8 January, 2007: Firstly, the Canada claims that the subsidies to the US corn industry that are particular for US producers of primarily agricultural products provided by the United States. Canada considered that the issued measures are not compatible with Articles 5(C) and 6.3(C) of the SCM agreement. Secondly, Canada claims that the United States makes accessible to its exporters premium rates and other conditions more suitable than those which the market would otherwise make them available through export credit guarantee programmes under the Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 and other measures such as the GSM-102 programme and SCGP as well as the programmes, legislation, regulations and statutory instruments providing the support. Canada reflects on these programmes provide subsidies contingent upon export performance opposing to Article 3.1(a) and 3.2 of the SCM Agreement, and they also breach Articles 3.3, 8, 9.1 and 10.1 of the Agreement on Agriculture. Thirdly, Canada makes demand that, through the improper exclusion of domestic support, the United States supported in favour of domestic producers in excess of the commitment levels mentioned in Section I of Part IV of the Schedule, opposing to Article 3.2 of the Agreement on Agriculture. From 18 January 2007, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the European Communities, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Thailand and Uruguay requested to join the consultations. Afterwards, the United States informed the DSB that they had granted the requests of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, the European Communities, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Thailand and Uruguay to join the consultations. On 7 June 2007, Canada requested the establishment of a panel. Then, in the meeting the DSB deferred the establishment of a panel. On 11 July 2007, Brazil requested consultations with the United States regarding two different categories of US agricultural measures: (i) domestic support for agricultural products and (ii) export credit guarantees for agricultural products. After 20 July 2007, Canada, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Mexico, the European Communities, Argentina, Australia, India and Nicaragua, Thailand requested to join the consultations. Thereafter, the United States enlightened the DSB that it had approved the requests of Argentina, Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, the European Communities, Guatemala, India, Nicaragua, Mexico and Thailand to join the consultations. Later Canada and Brazil each requested the establishment of a panel. On 15 November 2007, Canada withdrew its first request to establish a panel dated 7 June 2007. But when the meeting held again the DSB postponed the establishment of a panel. Panel and Appellate Body proceedings Following to a other request to establish a panel from both Canada and Brazil, the DSB settled a single panel in the meeting on 17 December 2007.Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, the European Communities, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, South Africa, Chinese Taipei and Thailand, Turkey and Uruguay reserved their third-party rights. Conclusion This case clearly defines that which ever the countries as a third party reserved their rights. But the country Canada who is complaining against US and demanding upon some measures, at last they withdrew their request as they were not gaining any benefits from US. Countries: South Africa, Canada and Zimbabwe Appeal considered/heard at: Vancouver, BC Date of decision: January 2, 2014 Counsel for the person who is the subject of the appeal: Simon Trela (Barrister and Solicitor) To begin with, the applicant who is the resident of Zimbabwe was the member of a moment of democratic (MDC) changes and she went to south Africa, but as a foreigner, she was sexually assaulted so she applied for Canadian visitor visa on her African passport. Secondly, after coming to Canada section 97 of the Act, she requested for refugee protection at an immigration office in Edmonton on May 3, 2013. The RPD heard the appellants refugee protection claim on June 28 and July 4, 2013. The RPDs written reasons and Notice of Decision are dated August 19, 2013.ÂÂ   Moreover, she was also rejected in south Africa for state protection after her rape, because she was not the citizen of Africa and applicant not have concerned evidence.ÂÂ   The RPD Member found the issue of identity to be determinative to findings under both sections 96 and 97(1) of the Act. Moreover, the appellants Record received on September27,2013. The appellants submissions in this appeal are primarily based on consideration of the new evidence that was presented and documents submitted as being new evidence of the case. The appellant has requested an oral hearing pursuant to subsection 110(6) of the Act. subsections 110(3), (4), and (6) new evidence has been accepted in support of this appeal. As such, the RAD must proceed without a hearing in this appeal. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Subsection 162(1) The RAD finds that the RPD is to be provided with deference on questions of fact and mixed law and fact in relation to the assessment of the claim for protection. To put in a nutshell, The RPD Member was referring to several actions by the appellant such as using significant deception in order to be approved for her visa, including having her friends in Canada provide false information in support of her application, having her employer in South Africa falsify an employment record, and providing a false document to establish that she was going to be married in South Africa subsequent to her visit to Canada (thus establishing a motive for her to return to that country as opposed to remaining in Canada illegally).The applicant neither was Convention refugee nor a person in need of protection. This appeal is therefore dismissed. REFERENCES http://www.refworld.org/cases,IRBC,5385ede34.html http://www.google.ca/amp/news.nationalpost.com

Looking At A Extract From Young Goodman Brown English Literature Essay

Hawthorne uses realistic ocular imagination and symbolism, through color alterations of visible radiation and darkness, to demo contrast of the â€Å" pious and iniquitous † ( 26 ) . In the beginning, it is at twilight that Brown sets off into the wood, and the eventide will gets darker.This symbolizes the prefiguration of the visible radiation of faith easy melting off from Brown as he wanders off further into the forest. In bend ; stand foring the solitariness of a life without religion, which can be seen when Brown goes through desperation towards the terminal of the narrative. In contrast, the heavenly presence of the metonymy â€Å" bluish arch, the stars lighten uping in it † and the â€Å" deep arch of the celestial sphere † ( 26 ) denotes a sense of hope and the strong being of religion. This is self-contradictory to the Puritan belief that the wood is a â€Å" pagan wilderness † ( 26 ) , which indicate that it is irreligious and wild, where no â⠂¬Å" church had of all time been gathered nor lone Christian prayed † ( 26 ) . This reassures Brown to non lose hope. However, merely as Brown manages to hold reassurance in religion, a â€Å" black mass of cloud † ( 26 ) appears overhead. This brings about the downward alteration of the one time hopeful fable, where the presence of hope is now overshadowed by somberness, boding Brown`s province of depression subsequently on. Another contrast is made utilizing the symbolism of the â€Å" ruddy visible radiation † ( 27 ) , â€Å" lurid blazing against the sky † ( 27 ) and â€Å" four blaze pines, their tops aflame † ( 27 ) to exemplify the enchantresss Sabbath, which in contrast to the Godliness of the â€Å" bluish arch † ( 26 ) , is to tag the presence of immorality. These comparings illustrate efficaciously the alteration from good to evil. The usage of nonliteral linguistic communication helps to stress a sinister atmosphere created by Hawthorne. The initial rhyme â€Å" whispering without a air current † ( 26 ) and the onomatopoeia â€Å" mutter † ( 26 ) indicates a stalking property to the wood, proposing that there is evil skulking about. It can besides be seen as a foreshadow to the mutter of the chants Brown hears subsequently at the enchantresss Sabbath. â€Å" Nothing can be done until I get on the land † ( 26 ) implies that possibly the Minister, together with the Deacon is winging, as Brown hears their voices â€Å" speaking so queerly in the empty air † ( 26 ) but â€Å" the travelers nor their steeds were seeable † ( 25 ) . This encapsulates the impression of the â€Å" unobserved † ( 21 ) , which causes the reader to doubt whether it is existent or an extension of Brown`s phantasy. Hawthorne`s usage of sarcasm, together with controlled ambiguity, exhaustively but dexterously permeates the narrative ( Novelguide ) . The obvious would be the beginning of the infusion, where Brown overhears the conversation between the Deacon and the Minister. As these characters are figures of higher governments in the church, it is dry as the reader, together with Brown, expects these characters to exudate scrupulousness. Alternatively, they would â€Å" instead lose an ordination-dinner † ( 26 ) and partake in â€Å" devilry † ( 26 ) . They are so, on par in position to evildoers, who are shunned in the Puritan community. This comes after Brown`s foundational belief in God is undercut when he finds out his Catechism instructor, Goody Close, is friends with the Devil. Brown`s belief in Faith is dry as he uses his married woman as a symbolic averment to his belief. â€Å" And Faith below † ( 26 ) shows that Brown sees his married woman as an incarnation of being a â€Å" pious † ( 26 ) individual. Ironically, it is Faith who later causes Brown`s downward spiral to depression, when he sees Faith`s pink thread drifting down from the â€Å" black mass † ( 26 ) . Distinctly, it shows that wickedness is unconditioned in worlds and that even those who are deemed to be â€Å" pious † ( 26 ) are caught within its appreciation. Hence, the win-over of immorality ( Howard 1 ) . Hawthorne coins â€Å" Communion † ( 26 ) in sarcasm. When defined, it is sharing the same spiritual religion ( Dictionary.com ) . Alternatively of a spiritual matter with God, Hawthorne uses has the Deacon use the term in relation to â€Å" deviltry † ( 26 ) . In utilizing the term â€Å" communion-table † ( 26 ) , the storyteller relates Brown`s treachery to when Jesus reveals the prognostication of his treachery ( Wikipedia ) . The footings â€Å" met † and â€Å" seen † shows the manner Brown distances and does non partake in any evil activities. However, it is dry as Brown subsequently succumbs to evil and partakes in it. The usage of a 3rd individual limited narrative ( SIM SU3-19 ) leaves the reader in equivocal purgatory, inquiring how accurate the point of position is, in showing whether what Brown sees is existent or is his semblance. Hawthorne interweaves the narrator`s ideas together with that of Brown ‘s. The usage of the withdrawal â€Å" Once, the hearer † ( 26 ) takes on the sympathetic tone of the storyteller to Brown`s predicament, in his inability to now separate the â€Å" pious and iniquitous † ( 26 ) . This causes the reader to be drawn along into the darkness that merely Brown is good, while giving a negative examination of the remainder of Salem. In bend ; â€Å" Night † ( 26 ) is so seen as a ruling symbol of the significance refering to experiencing stray and contemplating solitariness. Perceived as the merely good character, it is dry that Brown`s concluding minutes with â€Å" his deceasing hr † ( 30 ) be full of somberness. The usage of similes â€Å" like † ( 26 ) , â€Å" as if † ( 26 ) and the word â€Å" possibly † ( 26 ) creates ambiguity for the reader as we do non cognize if this is Brown`s effort to associate the unknown to â€Å" familiar tones † ( 26 ) to convey some visible radiation to the enveloped darkness he is sing. A Hawthorne manages to pull the reader into Brown`s phantasy by allowing the familiar elements of the bloodcurdling, through the usage of sarcasm and ocular imagination. Beneath this infusion, which on the surface is simply about a man`s journey through the wood, is an implicit in experience of horror and unhappiness. Hawthorne wavers Brown`s position of his Puritan community, foregrounding the thought that of the perennial battle between good and evil ( SIM SU3-21 ) . Word Count: [ 986 ]

What attracted European imperialism to Africa to Asia in...

Mortimer Chambers et al define imperialism as a European state s intervention in and continuing domination over a non-European territory. During the Scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century, the most powerful European nations desired to conquer, dominate and exploit African colonies with the hope of building an empire. According to Derrick Murphy, in 1875 only ten percent of Africa was occupied by European states. Twenty years later only ten percent remained unoccupied. There were several factors which attracted European imperialists to Africa. There were opportunities for profitable investment and trade. Raw materials, which Africa possessed in abundance, were also desired. A cheap source of labour was required as it would†¦show more content†¦The British wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa with their territories in East Africa, and these two areas with the Nile basin. Obtaining the Sudan was vital to the fulfillment of these ambitions especially since Egypt was already under British control. This red-line through Africa was made famous by Cecil Rhodes and Lord Milner who advocated for a Cape to Cairo empire linking by rail the Suez Canal to the Southern part which possessed many minerals. According to Brian Levack, there was also a certain level of nationalist competition. The unification of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe. In this climate of tension, governments looked towards enforcing national strength. The newly formed nations of Italy and Germany now sought empires outside Europe as a means of gaining power and prestige within Europe. In the nineteenth century, a German historian Henrich con Treitschke stated All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark on barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will pay a pitiable role in time to come. 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The El Salvadoran Government Adopted - 985 Words

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